網誌
2009年4月9日 上午7點54分00秒中国书画收藏欣赏一己见 1
中国书画收藏欣赏一己见
Appreciate their own collection of Chinese calligraphy and painting, see
――――――从自己收藏中谈鉴赏Collections from their own appreciation talk
顾绍骅著ShaoHua－Gu Books
【编者按】凤凰网论坛 《书香门第》版版主陈少儒老师让我讲讲如何鉴赏中国书画的知识，十分高兴陈版主对我的信任与欣赏，说实话：欣赏与鉴定有着很大的不同，我个人认为：欣赏是美的享受，而鉴定是非常细致而准确、机械的工作并且需要见多识广；这是浪漫与现实完美的结合。无奈本人才疏学浅，不敢言“鉴定”二字，但为报陈版主的“知遇之情”，我还是努力为之，在“欣赏”上做文章；今奉上本文，只是对自己的收藏，作出自己的看法，希望不会误导大家。
【Note】 FengHuang Net Forum, "the first door Shuxiang" Moderators ShaoRu-Chen version of Teacher Appreciation Let me talk about how knowledge of Chinese painting and calligraphy, very pleased Chen Moderators of my trust and appreciate, I can honestly say: appreciation and identification of a very big difference, I personally think: are the United States to appreciate the enjoyment of, and identification is very meticulous and accurate, machinery and the work of experienced and knowledgeable required; This is the romantic and the perfect combination of reality. But little talent and less learning, I dare not say "identify" the word, but moderators at Chen's "good friend, the friendship", I still strive to be, in the "appreciation" on fuss; this offer in this article, but on their own collection, to make their own views, I hope everyone will not be misleading.
所谓鉴赏，实际上包括鉴定与欣赏两个方面。鉴定主要指判定与欣赏两个方面。鉴定主要指判定作品的真伪，应属鉴定学的范畴；欣赏，主要指品评作品的优劣，属艺术批评学的范畴。鉴定与欣赏两者既有联系又有区别。鉴定是建立在欣赏的基础之上的，只有懂得欣赏才能判断作品的真伪：欣赏又是鉴定的演进，高明的鉴定家必定具有较高的艺术修养。然而，判断真伪与优劣有时又是两回事。艺术水准好的书画作品并不一定是真迹，如有些代笔的作品；而有些艺术水准较差的作品，也不一定是伪作，如一些不善书画艺术的名人墨迹。但高超的艺术家，其作品再差也不至于差到哪里去。同时, 着重于笔墨内涵、个性风格、文献考证等，而欣赏则重在艺术论析、气韵意境、审美价值等。因而，鉴定家未必能对作品做出较深的论断；欣赏家也不见得能判断作品的真伪。然而，遗憾的是，能集鉴定与欣赏于一身的鉴赏家为数实在不多。
The so-called taste, in fact, including the identification and appreciation of both aspects. Identification of the principal means to determine and appreciate aspects of both. Identification of the principal means to determine the authenticity of the work, the study areas should be identified; appreciate, the main means to judge the merits of the work is a study of the scope of art criticism. Identification and appreciate the difference between the two have established contact. Identification of set up are at the basis of appreciation, only to appreciate in order to determine the authenticity of works: to appreciate the evolution of identification of another, the identification of smart home must have a high artistic accomplishments. However, to judge the merits of the authenticity and sometimes are two different things. Calligraphy and painting works of art are not necessarily good are artworks, such as some of the works were written; and some less well-off art works, is not necessarily a pseudo-making, such as some poor celebrity art ink painting and calligraphy. But the superb artists, their works will not be bad and then go bad. At the same time, focus on the ink content, personality style, and other research literature, and art theory to appreciate the focus on an analysis of the spirit of artistic conception, such as aesthetic value. Thus, the identification of the work at home may not be able to make a better argument; appreciate the home is not able to judge the authenticity of works. Unfortunately, however, can be set to identify and appreciate in a very small number of connoisseurs.
有个别所谓的“画贩子”，其眼力并不比专业搞鉴定的差。其实鉴定书画犹如熟悉了解人。有一位你熟悉的朋友，老远看到并不一定看清楚，但只要视其形态，你就能大致分辨出这人是谁，一旦走近了你就会一目了然，鉴定书画也是同样的道理。学习鉴定最好先从某位名家入手，了解他所处的时代，他的个性风格。看多了，看久了，就会总结出一些特征，然后再波及其他书画家，举一反三地进行对比研究，你就会慢慢地掌握出一套基本的知识与方法。
Individual has the so-called "draw traffickers," the eye does not engage in major identified than bad. In fact, as if familiar with the identification of painting people know. You have a friend familiar with, not necessarily all the way to see clearly, but as long as its shape, you can generally tell this who once approached at a glance you can identify the same reason is also painting and calligraphy. Is best to begin a study to identify masters start him know where the time, his personality style. Many of the watch, watch a long time, we will summarize some of the characteristics of, and then spread to other art, giving top priority to comparative studies, you will gradually master a set of basic knowledge and methods.
自然，要真正精通书画鉴赏也不是一件轻而易举的事。我国历史悠久，文化源长，自古至今书画家不计其数。每个时代都有不同风格面貌的书画家，同一时代也有不同的书画流派与作者，就是每位书画家本人，其早期、中期与晚期的创作风格也各不相同。更何况，书画自有经济价值以来，历代就不断有人采取各种手法伪造做假，以欺人蒙骗谋取利益，这就给鉴定书画带来了一定的难度与复杂性。因此，要真正掌握书画鉴定也不是件容易的事。
Naturally, to taste really good painting is not an easy task. Our country has a long history, culture, source of long, countless art since ancient times. Each time the face has a different style of painting and calligraphy, and the same time there are different schools of painting and calligraphy with the author, that is, each art himself, his early, mid-and late styles also vary. Moreover, since the economic value of their own paintings throughout history there have been taken on all sorts of means to counterfeit fraud to deceive the people to seek benefits to deceive, which paintings to the identification of a certain degree of difficulty and complexity. Therefore, in order to really grasp the identification of painting is not easy.
收藏，主要包括收藏、流传、著录等方面。具有一定眼力，又有财力收藏，从事这方面研究，并藏有一定数量的历代优秀作品者可称为收藏家。然历代也有一些好事之徒，这些人并不懂得鉴赏却庋藏有众多历代珍品，如严嵩父子。严格地说，这些人称不上收藏家。因为，欣赏水平不高，眼力不好，收藏再多，也难以称著于世。他们只是将其作为个人财富，显贵掠奇而已。为此，历代许多著名收藏家，其眼力、收藏与著录总是连在一起的，这类人应称鉴藏家。像宋代的米芾、明代的项子京、清代的安岐等，经他们之手所评定的作品真伪，绝大多数是可靠的，这对后代的收藏与考证留下了丰富的文化遗产。欲做收藏家，必先学做鉴定家，眼力不锐、修养不高，必然收罗不少赝品，这不但劳民伤财，其藏品也肯定无多大的价值。
Collections, including collections, circulation, and so on are recorded. Must have the eyesight as well as financial resources collection, research in this area, and possession of a certain number of outstanding works of history can be referred to as collectors. However, there is also some history of the only good thing that these people do not know how to appreciate history is a collection of many treasures, such as father and son Yan Song. Strictly speaking, these people are not collectors. Since, appreciation is not high, bad eyesight, collecting more, but also difficult to say with the world. They are just as personal wealth, plunder Xiangui just odd. To this end, the history of many well-known collector, and its eyes, and a recorded collection is always linked to one another, such person should be identified and collectors said. Mi Fu, like the Song Dynasty, son of the Ming Dynasty in Beijing, the Qing Dynasty Aki and so on, by the hands of their work assessed by the authenticity, the vast majority are reliable, which is the collection and verification of future generations left a rich cultural heritage. Collectors want, we must first learn to do to identify, and eyesight is not sharp, self-cultivation is not high, is bound to collect a lot of fake, this is not only a waste of resources, the collection has also affirmed the value of little.
由上可见，中国书画的鉴赏与收藏学问很深，范围很广。它以鉴定真伪为中心，旁涉欣赏、收藏、著录、考证等诸范畴，并已成为一门新兴的学科――书画鉴定学。
By on, we can see that the appreciation of Chinese painting and calligraphy collection of knowledge and a deep and wide-ranging. To identify the authenticity of it as the center, beside the related appreciation, collection, record, research areas, etc., and has become an emerging disciplines - painting identification study.
中国书画的最好鉴定方法，是靠以目鉴为主，因此、掌握书画艺术鉴赏是书画鉴定的重要基础之一。要掌握中国书画正确的鉴定方法，首先要懂得鉴赏，鉴赏的目的是要能看懂书画的作者的生平（历史背景）、艺术表现手法——风格和作品的“实际内涵”，懂得书画的表现技法和绘画语言，做到心领神会，产生对艺术的共鸣。书画鉴赏的主要内容是；创作内容、气韵二大方面，创作内容是指，绘画方法、构图、笔法、墨法、设色等，但最重要的是鉴赏书画的气韵，中国书画艺术质量的优劣关健是看气韵，而气韵生动与否关健在与笔墨的质量，由于中国画一笔落纸，优劣即定，不可更改，而笔墨又最能体现作者的表现个性。因此，创作内容实质与神韵是鉴赏的重点，也是鉴定真伪的关健。两者缺一不可。
Identification of Chinese calligraphy and painting the best way is to head on Kam-oriented, master calligraphy calligraphy art appreciation is an important basis for identification of one. Chinese calligraphy and painting to get the identification right, we must first know how to appreciation, appreciation of the purpose is to understand the life of the author of paintings (historical background), the way of artistic expression - the style and work, "the actual meaning of" to understand the performance of painting and calligraphy painting techniques and language, do have an implicit understanding, resulting in the resonance of the arts. Calligraphy and painting are the main contents of appreciation; creative content, two major aspects of the spirit, creating content is that method of painting, composition, brushwork, ink law, colors, etc., but above all the spirit of appreciation of painting and calligraphy, Chinese painting and calligraphy art of excellent quality The key is to look bad spirit, and the spirit alive with a lively pen and ink or not related the quality of a draw down because of Chinese paper, the merits of that set, can not be changed, and the ink has the best performance of the author's personality. Therefore, in substance and spirit of creativity are the focus of appreciation, but also to identify the authenticity of the key. Both are indispensable.
中国书画艺术，同其他的造型艺术一样，其作品内容具有一定的说明性，而其表现手法则具有一定的装饰性，两者完美地结合在一起就使作品产生了一定的艺术性。 中国书画的装饰性，是依存于书画创作的表现手法，主要通过中国书画所特有的多变的线条、点画、不同的设色、墨晕等等，来表现书画艺术的之美来感染欣赏者。
Chinese painting and calligraphy art, as with other plastic arts, his work has a certain descriptive content, and its expression has a certain degree of decoration, the perfect combination of the two makes the work of art must have had. Chinese decorative painting, painting and calligraphy are dependent on the performance of practices, primarily through the unique Chinese calligraphy and painting the ever-changing lines, stippling, different colors, and so on halo ink, calligraphy and painting to express the beauty of art to appreciate those infected.
人们常说，书画欣赏是一种高级的精神享受 ，这是针对在欣赏书画艺术时所产生的一种心理变化的反应。因为在欣赏过程中，他将涉及到一些比较复杂的心理功能，如情感、想象、理解等等，而最终将期转化为对书画艺术的评价。这种评价，包括对作者艺术风格的理解和判断，对书画作品艺术特点的认识，以至对书画作品艺术价值的大致评估。而这些判断，认识、评估是在自已原有基础上的一种提升，从而达到一个新的艺术思想境界。也是欣赏者，通过对作品的欣赏，一来对艺术作品的表达方式，艺术思想的全面理解，二是一种具有净化心灵、陶冶情操作用的精神享受。三曰“审美欣赏”的目的要求，需要鉴赏者具有自身充实的文化素养和深厚的艺术修养。
It is often said that painting is an advanced appreciation of the spirit of enjoyment, which is aimed at painting and calligraphy art appreciation at the time of the changes resulting from a psychological response. Since the process in terms of the appreciation, he will relate to some of the more complex mental functions such as emotion, imagination, understanding, and so on, and eventually will be a view into the evaluation of painting and calligraphy art. Such evaluation, including the artistic style of the author's understanding and judging the characteristics of the calligraphy and paintings of art, calligraphy and paintings as well as the general assessment of artistic value. These judgments, recognize, at their original assessment was based on an upgrade, so as to achieve a new realm of artistic thought. Appreciation is also through appreciation of the works, one to the expression of art, art of a comprehensive understanding of thought, two is a purification of the mind, cultivate the spirit of enjoying the role of sentiment. The third is the "aesthetic appreciation," the purpose of the request has the necessary appreciation of the cultural self-enrichment and deep artistic accomplishments.
当我们面对一件需要鉴定的书画作品时，它实是由多种形式组合而成的艺术复合体。既有书画作品内容的本身，又有书画家本人的题跋或题诗、他人的题跋或题诗，还有作者本人与鉴藏者的印章，装裱的形制及所用的纸绢等。这些都是书画鉴定的内容，都与鉴定真伪密切相关。
When we are faced with a need for identification of the calligraphy and paintings, it is a combination of the various forms of art complex. Calligraphy and paintings of both the content itself, and my art inscriptions or poems, inscriptions or poems of others, as well as collection and identification of the author's seal, framed by the shapes and silk, such as paper. These are the identification of the content of painting and calligraphy are closely related to the authenticity and identification.
在具体鉴定的过程中，以什么为鉴定的主要依据呢？也就是说，什么是鉴定的主要内容方面？回答自然是书画作品内容的本身，它包括时代风格与个人风格两个方面。而这些风格特点反映在书画作品本身，即指用笔用墨的艺术水准、结体构图的技巧和画面的内容。
Identification of the specific process for the identification of what the main basis for this? In other words, what is the identification of the main content? Answer is of course the content itself, calligraphy and paintings, which includes the style and time aspects of both personal style. These characteristics are reflected in the style of painting itself, refers to the art of ink pen with the standard guitar body composition techniques and the contents of the screen.
时代风格。所谓的时代风格应该包括两个方面的内容：一是某个时代的政治、经济、文化和风俗等在书画创作中所留下的特征及痕迹──它包括每个时代的风土人情、穿着打扮、建筑样式和审美倾向；二是指在同一时代中，各个特殊形式的书体或画风，都有它的来源和基础，即通过其师承渊源与彼此间的影响等所产生的某些相通之处。
Style time. Time the so-called style should include two aspects: First, a time of political, economic, cultural and customs such as painting and calligraphy at the left of the characteristics and signs ─ ─ which includes the land and its people each time, wearing a dress , building style and aesthetic tendencies; two are at the same time refers to all the special form or style of the book, has its origin and foundation, that is, through their teachers and each other sources, such as arising from the impact of some of the same of the.
个人风格。所谓的个人风格是指每位书画家由于各人的思想观点的不同、性格修养的不同、师承关系和审美观的不同以及使用工具与运用笔墨习惯的不同，反映在作品上也就形成了自己的风格。
Personal style. The so-called personal style is the art of each thought his own opinion because of the different character of the cultivation of different teachers and different sense of aesthetics and the use of tools and the use of pen and ink of different habits are reflected in the works will be on its own style.
不管是时代风格，还是个人风格，最关键的还是在于笔墨。因为时代风格与个人风格都是通过作者的笔墨运转而反映出来的。“画中三昧，舍笔墨无由参悟” ──黄宾虹语。为此，笔墨又是鉴定中国书画的核心与关键。中国书画的笔墨又分为三个方面，即笔法、墨法和结体构图，而这三个方面，又以笔法最为主要，这是书画鉴定的核心。因论笔法，必兼用墨，墨法之妙，全从笔出，墨法尤以笔法为先。
Time regardless of style or personal style, the most critical ink lies. Since time style and personal style are running through the author's pen and ink and is reflected. "Samadhi painting, pen and ink without homes by the study and understanding of" ─ ─ Huang Binhong language. To this end, identification of Chinese ink painting and calligraphy are also the core and key. Chinese ink painting is divided into three areas, namely, writing, ink and binding body composition, and these three areas, mainly the most used technique is to identify the core of painting and calligraphy. On the technique of writing from, must be used along with ink, the ink Fanny Law, all from the pen, ink method especially for the first strokes.
总之，书画鉴定的主要依据就是指时代风格和个人风格，而个人风格比时代风格更为重要。因时代风格是通过个人风格反映出来的，没有个人风格就无所谓时代风格，而笔法、墨法相对于时代风格和个人风格显得更为重要。如现代山水画艺术大师黄宾虹，其晚年的山水画创作呈现出浑厚华滋、雄健苍莽为主的个性风格，反映出山水画在沉寂了近百年衰微萎靡时期后，因受到中西文化的交流撞击，呈现出那生机勃发、大气磅礴的时代特征。而这些又无不通过黄宾虹在总结前人的“五笔法”和“七墨法”的基础上，成功地运用了他那长短不同的笔触皴法，以及大小、浓淡、干湿等各种不同的笔墨法的结果，以达超然物外、天然自成的艺术美感。
In short, the painting is the main basis for identification of time refers to the style and personal style, personal style and style is more important than time. Time because of the style are reflected in the adoption of personal style, with no personal style on the style of time Do not care, and the technique, time law in regard to ink style and personal style is all the more important. Master of modern landscape art such as Huang, the later years of the landscape shows immense creativity Wordsworth, vigorous style indistinct personality-based, reflecting the landscape in the quiet backwater of the low period of decline for nearly a hundred years after the crash by the exchange of Chinese and Western cultures, showing that life blooming, the atmosphere of the time characteristics of majestic. Which are also summed up all through the Huang Binhong predecessors at the "five" and "seven ink method" based on the successful use of the length of his strokes draw a different method of landscape painting, as well as the size, strength, and other wet and dry different ink laws results in order to stay away from the scene, the art of natural beauty Zicheng.